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On April 28, 2021, the White House released details on President Biden’s new $1.8 trillion American Families Plan. The proposal follows the already passed $1.9 trillion American Rescue Plan Act and the recently proposed $2.3 trillion infrastructure-focused American Jobs Plan. The details were released in advance of President Biden’s address to a joint session of Congress.

The plan includes many provisions that would make good on the President’s campaign promises. The proposal would provide universal preschool to three and four year-olds, two free years of community college, and free tuition for certain universities specializing in serving underrepresented students. The plan would also invest in teacher and child care education, provide free or lower cost child care to lower income families, expand paid leave programs, and improve the quality of student lunch programs. It would also establish automatic adjustments to unemployment insurance, depending upon economic conditions.

Personal Tax Breaks Extended

The proposal would also extend tax benefits already signed into law under the American Rescue Plan Act. This includes:

extending enhanced premium tax credits and making premium reductions permanent;
extending the enhanced child tax credit through 2025 (currently a fully refundable $3,000 per child ($3,600 for a child under age six) for 2021 only);
permanently extending the enhancements of the child and dependent care tax credit, which increase the amount of the credit as well as the incomes at which the credit is phased out;
permanently extending the increased earned income tax credit for taxpayers without children.

Tax Changes, TCJA Rollback

On the campaign trail, President Biden promised to increase taxes on both corporations and higher-income individuals. While the provisions of the American Jobs Plan are largely funded through a proposed increase in the corporate tax rate from 21% to 28%, the provisions of his American Families Plan are funded by the promised increases to individual taxes.

The proposal would increase the top tax rate on individuals to 39.6 percent from the current rate of 37 percent. This would return the tax rate on the highest bracket of income to where it was before the Tax Cuts and Jobs Act took effect in 2018.

The proposal would also increase the tax rate on capital gains and dividends for households making over $1 million, to match the 39.6 percent rate on income. For 2021, capital gains and certain qualified dividends are taxed at 20 percent for joint filers with taxable income of $496,000 or more.

The plan proposes to eliminate the tax-free step-up in basis on inherited property where the gain would be in excess of $1 million (up to $2.5 million in the case of a couple using existing real estate exemptions. The plan also eliminates the carried interest loophole that allows hedge fund partners to pay tax on income at capital gains rates. The plan would also limit a provision allowing for tax deferral on property exchanges, permanently extend the limitation on excess business losses, and ensure that higher income taxpayers cannot avoid the 3.8 percent Medicare tax.

The plan also provides increased funding for the IRS to improve enforcement, specifically to ensure that higher income taxpayers are unable to avoid proper payment of taxes. While the White House estimates that this will produce an additional $700 billion in revenue over 10 years, many believe this to be a vast overestimate.

Notably absent from the plan is an increase to the cap on the deduction of state and local taxes. The Tax Cuts and Jobs Act set a $10,000 limit for the deduction, but many lawmakers, particularly those representing higher tax states like New York and California, have been pressing to increase the limit or completely eliminate it

Next Steps?

It is uncertain when Congress may take up the process of proposing legislation carrying out the American Families Plan. President Biden has indicated his willingness to negotiate on any proposals he makes. However, the chilly reception to his American Jobs Plan does not indicate a smooth process to get a vote on a legislative package for the infrastructure proposal, let alone passage with razor-thin majorities in both chambers of Congress. With many lawmakers indicated that they want to work on infrastructure before moving on to other proposals, the process from proposal to law could stretch out for months.

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The IRS announced that it had started issuing refunds to eligible taxpayers who paid taxes on 2020 unemployment compensation that was excluded from taxable income by the recently enacted American Rescue Plan (ARP) (P.L. 117-2).

The IRS announced that it had started issuing refunds to eligible taxpayers who paid taxes on 2020 unemployment compensation that was excluded from taxable income by the recently enacted American Rescue Plan (ARP) ( P.L. 117-2).

Unemployment compensation is taxable income, but the ARP excludes $10,200 in unemployment compensation from the income used to calculate the amount of taxes owed. The $10,200 per person exclusion applies to taxpayers who are single or married filing jointly, with modified adjusted gross income of less than $150,000. The $10,200 is the amount of income exclusion, not the amount of the refund itself.

The IRS has identified over 10 million taxpayers who filed their tax returns prior to the ARP becoming law in March, and is reviewing past returns to determine the correct taxable amount of unemployment compensation and tax. This could potentially result in a refund, reduced balance due, or with no refund being owed.

The first phase of adjustments is being made for single taxpayers who had the simplest tax returns, such as those filed by taxpayers who did not claim children or any refundable tax credits. Notices explaining the corrections will be sent to taxpayers, and are expected to reach them within 30 days of the correction being made.

The IRS stated that it will issue refunds by direct deposit to taxpayers who provided their bank account information on their returns. Alternatively, refunds will be mailed as a paper check to the taxpayer’s address of record.

These refunds will be subject to normal offset rules, such as past-due federal tax, state income tax, state unemployment compensation debts, child support, spousal support or certain federal nontax debts, such as student loans. The IRS will send separate notices to those taxpayers whose refunds could be offset to settle unpaid debts.

Further, corrections to any Earned Income Tax Credit (EITC) without qualifying children and the recovery rebate credit are being made automatically as part of this process. However, some taxpayers may be eligible for certain income-based tax credits that were not claimed on their original return. The IRS also reminded taxpayers to file an amended tax return if the revised adjusted gross income amount makes them eligible for additional benefits.

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A safe harbor is available for certain Paycheck Protection Program (PPP) loan recipients who relied on prior IRS guidance and did not deduct eligible business expenses. These taxpayers may elect to deduct the expenses for their first tax year following their 2020 tax year, rather than filing an amended return or administrative adjustment request for 2020.

The IRS had initially determined that businesses whose PPP loans were forgiven or expected to be forgiven could not deduct business expenses paid for by the loan. However, the Consolidated Appropriations Act of 2021 ( P.L. 116-260), enacted on December 27, 2020, subsequently permitted taxpayers to deduct these expenses.

Safe Harbor Eligibility

To be eligible for the safe harbor, the taxpayer must have received an original PPP covered loan and filed a federal income tax return or information return for the 2020 tax year on or before December 27, 2020. The taxpayer must have paid or incurred original eligible expenses during the taxpayer’s 2020 tax year that the taxpayer did not deduct because:

the expenses resulted in forgiveness of the original PPP covered loan; or
the taxpayer reasonably expected at the end of the 2020 tax year that the expenses would result in forgiveness.

Electing the Safe Harbor

A taxpayer elects the safe harbor by attaching a statement to a timely, including extensions, federal income tax return or information return for the taxpayer’s first tax year following the 2020 tax year in which the original eligible expenses were paid or incurred. The statement must include:

the taxpayer’s name, address, and social security number or taxpayer identification number;
a statement that the taxpayer is applying the safe harbor provided by section 3.01 of Revenue Procedure 2021-20;
the amount and date of disbursement of the taxpayer’s original PPP loan; and
a list, including descriptions and amounts, of the original eligible expenses.

Certain Expenses and Loans Not Covered

The safe harbor applies only to original eligible expenses, and not to additional expenses that were added by the Consolidated Appropriations Act. The safe applies only to original PPP loans. It does not apply to PPP second draw loans.

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Individuals may use two special procedures to file returns for 2020 that allow them to receive advance payments of the 2021 child credit and the 2021 Recovery Rebate Credit.

Individuals may use two special procedures to file returns for 2020 that allow them to receive advance payments of the 2021 child credit and the 2021 Recovery Rebate Credit. Under the procedures:

individuals who are not required to file returns for 2020 can use a simplified federal income tax return filing procedure; and
individuals with zero adjusted gross income (AGI) for 2020 can file electronic returns by entering "$1" in several fields.

Simplified Return Procedures

Individuals may file simplified 2020 returns electronically or on paper if they have not filed and are not required to file 2020 returns. The simplified procedures apply to Forms 1040, 1040-SR and 1040-NR.

The individual should write "Rev. Proc. 2021-24" at the top of a paper return. The procedure includes detailed instructions for providing identification, income and direct deposit information.

Zero AGI

Many filing systems for electronic returns will not accept returns that report zero AGI. To file an electronic return, in addition to all other information required to be entered on Form 1040, Form 1040-SR, or Form 1040-NR, an individual with no AGI should report:

$1 as taxable interest on line 2b of the form;
$1 as total income on line 9 of the form; and
$1 as AGI on line 11 of the form.

Filers of Form 1040-NR with no AGI should also report $1 as itemized deductions on lines 7 and 8 of Schedule A (Form 1040-NR) and line 12 of Form 1040-NR.

Returns Must Be Accurate

Simplified returns and zero-AGI electronic returns are federal income tax returns for all purposes. Thus, the individual must properly sign the return under penalties of perjury. The returns must also provide accurate information. However, the IRS will not challenge the accuracy of income items reported by taxpayers using these special procedures.

Individuals Who Filed 2020 Returns

Individuals who have already filed their 2020 returns do not have to do anything further to:

receive advance child credit payments for an eligible child shown on that return;
receive a third-round Economic Impact Payment (EIP) for the 2021 recovery rebate credit that is attributable to a dependent shown on that return; or
claim a previously claimed 2020 recovery rebate credit and additional 2020 recovery rebate credit for themselves and for each eligible qualifying child.

Similarly, an individual who filed a federal income tax return for 2019, including by entering information in the "Non-Filers: Enter Information Here" tool on the IRS website, also do not need to file any additional forms of contact the IRS in order to receive advance child credit payments for a qualifying child shown on that return. An individual who did not receive EIPs for the full amount of the 2020 Recovery Rebate Credits may claim them by filing a 2020 federal income tax return.

U.S. Territory Residents

The simplified return and zero-AGI procedures do not apply to residents of American Samoa, Guam, the Commonwealth of the Northern Mariana Islands, the Commonwealth of Puerto Rico, or the U.S. Virgin Islands.

Residents of Puerto Rico may be eligible to claim the child tax credit from the IRS under procedures to be announced at a later date, but they are not eligible to receive advance child tax credit payments.
Residents of other U.S. territories should contact their local territory tax agency for additional information about the child tax credit and advance child tax credit payments, third-round economic impact payments, the 2020 recovery rebate credit, and the additional 2020 recovery rebate credit.

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The IRS has provided guidance for employers, plan administrators, and health insurers regarding the new credit available to them for providing continuation health coverage to certain individuals under the Consolidated Omnibus Budget Reconciliation Act of 1985 (COBRA) during the COVID-19 (Coronavirus) emergency.

COBRA provides eligible former employees, retirees, spouses, former spouses, and dependent children with the right to temporary continuation of health coverage at group rates. COBRA generally covers health plans maintained by private-sector employers with 20 or more full and part-time employees. It also covers employee organizations or federal, state or local governments. State mini-COBRA laws often provide similar benefits for insured small employers not subject to Federal COBRA.

The American Rescue Plan Act ( P.L. 117-2) provided a temporary 100% reduction in the premium that individuals would have to pay when they elect COBRA continuation health coverage following a reduction in hours or an involuntary termination of employment. The new law provides a corresponding tax credit for the entities that maintain group health plans, such as employers, multiemployer plans, and insurers. The 100% reduction in the premium and the credit are also available with respect to continuation coverage provided for those events under comparable state laws, sometimes referred to as "mini-COBRA."

Under the new law, COBRA premium assistance is available to eligible individuals as of the first period of coverage beginning on or after April 1, 2021, and will not be available for periods of coverage beginning after September 30, 2021. For each Assistance Eligible Individual, COBRA premium assistance does not extend beyond the period of COBRA continuation coverage in the event that the period ends prior to September 30, 2021. If an individual receiving premium assistance becomes eligible for coverage under any other group health plan or for Medicare, the premium assistance period ends.

Example: On April 1, 2021, the individual’s employment is terminated, and the individual becomes a qualified beneficiary. The individual elects COBRA continuation coverage and becomes an Assistance Eligible Individual with COBRA continuation coverage beginning on April 1, 2021, the date the individual lost coverage. On July 1, 2021, the individual becomes eligible for coverage under a group health plan sponsored by the employer of the individual’s spouse and ceases to be an Assistance Eligible Individual. The individual ceases COBRA continuation coverage as of July 1, 2021, and enrolls in coverage in the group health plan sponsored by the employer of the individual’s spouse. On August 1, 2021, the individual’s spouse has an involuntary termination of employment, and as a result the individual and spouse lose coverage. The individual and spouse become qualified beneficiaries due to the loss of coverage and elect COBRA continuation coverage with the plan sponsored by the spouse’s employer. The individual and spouse become Assistance Eligible Individuals with respect to COBRA continuation coverage as of August 1, 2021.

In Notice 2021-31, the IRS has provided information regarding the calculation of the credit, the eligibility of individuals, the premium assistance period, and other information vital to employers, plan administrators, and insurers to understand the credit.

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The IRS has reminded employers that under the American Rescue Plan Act of 2021 (ARP) ( P.L. 117-2), small and midsize employers and certain government employers are entitled to claim refundable tax credits that reimburse them for the cost of providing paid sick and family leave to their employees due to COVID-19. This includes leave taken by employees to receive or recover from COVID-19 vaccinations.

ARP tax credits are available to eligible employers that pay sick and family for leave from April 1, 2021, through September 30, 2021. Under the Act, eligible employers include any business, including tax-exempt organizations with fewer than 500 employees who are not able to work or telework due to reasons related to COVID-19, including needing to recover from any injury, disability, illness or condition related to the vaccinations.

The IRS has informed taxpayers that the paid leave credits under the ARP are tax credits against the employer’s share of the Medicare tax. The tax credits are refundable, and the employer is entitled to payment of the full amount of credits if it exceeds the employer’s share of the Medicare tax. The tax credit for paid sick leave wages is equal to the sick leave wages paid for COVID-19 related reasons, for up to two weeks at 100 percent of the employee’s regular rate of pay. Further, the tax credit for paid family leave wages is equal to the family leave wages paid for up to twelve weeks, at 2/3rds of the employee’s regular rate of pay. Importantly, the amount of these tax credits increases according to allocable health plan expenses and contributions for certain collectively bargained benefits, as well as the employer’s share of social security and Medicare taxes paid on the wages.

Eligible employers are recommended to report their total paid sick and family leave wages, health plan expenses and collectively bargained contributions, including their share of social security and Medicare taxes on the paid leave wages for each quarter on their federal employment tax return. Form 941, Employer’s Quarterly Federal Tax Return, can be used to report income tax and social security and Medicare taxes withheld from employee wages.

Further, in anticipation of claiming the credits on the Form 941, eligible employers can retain the federal employment taxes that they otherwise would have deposited, including federal income tax withheld, the employees’ share of social security, Medicare taxes and their share of social security and Medicare taxes with respect to all employees up to the amount of credit for which they are eligible. If, however, an eligible employer does not have enough federal employment taxes set aside for deposit to cover amounts provided as paid sick and family leave wages, the eligible employer may request an advance of the credits by filing Form 7200, Advance Payment of Employer Credits Due to COVID-19. The eligible employer will then have to account for the amounts received as an advance when they file Form 941, Employer's Quarterly Federal Tax Return, for the relevant quarter. Finally, self-employed individuals may claim comparable tax credits on their individual Form 1040, U.S. Individual Income Tax Return.

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The IRS has reminded taxpayers who owe 2020 taxes that there are different ways to pay their taxes online, including payment options for many people who cannot pay in full.

The IRS stated that the most important thing that taxpayers with a tax bill should do is file a return by the May 17 due date, even if they cannot pay in full, or request a six-month extension to avoid higher penalties for failing to file on time. The IRS emphasized that even though automatic tax filing extensions are available, these extensions do not change the payment deadline.

Further, interest, plus the much smaller late-payment penalty, will apply to any payments made after May 17. Normally, the late-payment penalty is one-half-of-one percent (0.5%) per month. The interest rate, adjusted quarterly, is currently 3% per year, compounded daily.

The IRS urges taxpayers to use Direct Pay, which is the fastest and easiest way to pay a personal tax bill. In addition, the IRS has noted that online payment plans are processed more quickly than requests submitted with electronically-filed tax returns.

There are two main types of online payment plans:

Short-term payment plan: The payment period is 120 days or less and the total amount owed is less than $100,000 in combined tax, penalties and interest. A 180-day payment plan is also possible, but is only available by calling or writing the IRS.
Long-term payment plan ( "installment agreement"): Payments are made monthly, and the amount owed must be less than $50,000 in combined tax, penalties and interest. If the IRS approves an installment agreement, a setup fee normally applies, but low-income taxpayers may qualify to have the fee waived or reimbursed. In addition, for anyone who filed their return on time, the late-payment penalty rate is cut in half while an installment agreement is in effect. This means that the penalty accrues at the rate of one-quarter-of-one percent (0.25%) per month, instead of the usual one-half-of-one percent (0.5%) per month.

Taxpayers who do not qualify for an online payment agreement may still be able to arrange to pay in installments. If the IRS determines a taxpayer is unable to pay, it may delay collection until their financial condition improves. Taxpayers can request a delay by calling the phone number on their IRS notice or 800-829-1040.

Some taxpayers can qualify to settle their tax bill for less than the full amount due through an offer in compromise. Though there is typically a $205 non-refundable application fee, it is generally waived for low-income taxpayers, and for offers based on doubt as to liability. The Offer in Compromise Pre-Qualifier tool can help determine eligibility for anyone interested in applying.

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The IRS reminds taxpayers that May includes National Hurricane Preparedness Week and National Wildfire Awareness Month. It urges taxpayers to create or review emergency preparedness plans for surviving natural disasters.

The IRS advises taxpayers to do the following:

Secure key documents such as tax returns, birth certificates, deeds, titles and insurance policies inside waterproof containers in a secure space. Keep duplicates of these documents with a trusted person outside the area of the taxpayer. Scan these documents for backup storage on electronic media such as a flash drive.
Take current photos or videos of a home or business’s contents, especially expensive and high value items. The IRS disaster-loss workbooks in IRS Pub. 584-B can help individuals and businesses compile lists of belongings or business equipment.
Employers who use payroll service providers should ask the provider if it has a fiduciary bond in place. The bond could protect the employer in the event of default by the payroll service provider.
Reconstructing records after a disaster may be required for tax purposes, getting federal assistance or insurance reimbursement. Taxpayers who have lost some or all their records during a disaster can visit IRS’s Reconstructing Records webpage as one of their first steps.

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Dependent care assistance benefits carryovers and extended claims period amounts that would have been excluded from income if used during the preceding tax year will remain excludable in tax years ending in 2021 and 2022. In addition, these benefits will not be taken into account in determining the dependent care benefits exclusion limit for the tax years ending in 2021 and 2022.

Dependent Care Assistance Exclusion

Employees may exclude amounts their employer pays or incurs for dependent care assistance benefits if furnished pursuant to a dependent care assistance program. For 2020, the exclusion could not exceed $5,000, $2,500 if married filing separately (for 2021 only, increased to $10,500, $5,250 if married filing separately). Unused benefits may be used during a 2 1/2 month grace period following the plan year’s end. However, if the sum of the benefits used in the tax year (including unused benefits used during a grace period that falls in the tax year) exceeds the limitation, the excess is taxable.

Carryovers and Extensions

Beyond the grace period, carryovers of unused dependent care assistance program amounts generally are not permitted. However, the Taxpayer Certainty and Disaster Tax Relief Act of 2020 ( P.L. 116-260) allowed employers to amend their plans to permit carryovers to plan years ending in 2021 and 2022, or to extend the permissible period for incurring claims to plan years over the same period.

Under Notice 2021-15, I.R.B. 2021-10, 898, if an employer adopts the carryover or the extended period, the annual limits apply to amounts contributed for a year, and not to amounts reimbursed or otherwise available for reimbursement.

Notice 2021-26 clarifies that dependent care assistance program benefits that would have been excluded from income if used during the tax year ending in 2020 or 2021, remain eligible for exclusion from the participant’s gross income, and are disregarded in applying the limits for the employee's subsequent tax years when they are carried over from a plan year ending in 2020 or 2021 or permitted to be used pursuant to an extended claims period.

Notice 2021-26 also provides examples illustrating the possible tax consequences of electing $10,500 in benefits for a plan year beginning in 2021 but ending in 2022.

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The Treasury Department has released a statement discussing investment in the IRS and improving tax compliance.

The Treasury Department has released a statement discussing investment in the IRS and improving tax compliance. While roughly 99 percent of the taxes due on wages are remitted to the IRS, compliance across other forms of income is substantially less, because the IRS has had difficulty verifying whether income from unverified sources is properly reported. The Treasury states that noncompliance is concentrated at the top of the distribution: according to a recent study, the top one percent failed to report 20 percent of their income, and failed to pay nearly $175 billion in taxes owed annually.

The Treasury states that lower levels of compliance not only negatively impact tax progressivity, but also lower tax revenue and deteriorate the country’s fiscal position. If left unaddressed, the difference between taxes owed to the government and taxes actually paid will total approximately $7 trillion in the next 10 years. This massive gap in revenue would mean that policymakers must choose between higher taxes elsewhere in the tax system, lower spending on fiscal priorities, or rising budget deficits. This tax gap has many underlying causes, with insufficient resources being at the forefront. In addition, budget cuts over the past decade have resulted in an IRS that lacks the capacity to address sophisticated tax evasion efforts. Over this period, audit rates for taxpayers making over $1 million in income have fallen by almost 80 percent.

To ensure a fair and effective tax system, the Treasury says that a robust and sustained investment in the IRS is necessary. The IRS requires access to 21st century technology and to better information, so that it can target its efforts at offenders while helping compliant taxpayers avoid unnecessary and costly audits. Importantly, this investment will also put the IRS in a position to provide taxpayers with timely answers to questions.

The Treasury has listed some considerations that provide the basis for a series of proposals in the American Families Plan (AFP). The AFP intends to overhaul tax administration and provide the IRS with the resources and information it needs to address tax evasion. These reforms are expected to generate an additional $700 billion in tax revenue over the course of a decade. The reforms are expected to:

Provide the IRS with necessary resources to stop sophisticated tax evasion. A key component of this initiative is the provision of a sustained, multi-year stream of funds to help the IRS tackle costly tax evasion.
Provide the IRS with more complete information on third parties. When the IRS has information from third parties, income is accurately reported, and taxes are fully paid. Importantly, this proposal intends to provide additional information to the IRS without an increased burden on taxpayers. It leverages the information that financial institutions have about account holders, requiring that they add to their regular, annual reports information about aggregate account outflows and inflows.
Overhaul outdated technology to help IRS identify tax evasion, by providing the IRS with resources to modernize its technological infrastructure.
Improve taxpayer service and deliver tax credits. Service enhancement will improve the ability of the IRS to communicate with taxpayers securely and promptly. The proposal would also include the necessary resources to ensure that the IRS efficiently delivers credits to families and workers, including newly expanded child tax credits and child and dependent care tax credits.
Regulate paid tax preparers by providing the IRS with legal authority to implement safeguards in the tax preparation industry. This includes stiffer penalties for unscrupulous or "ghost preparers" who fail to identify themselves on tax returns and defraud taxpayers.

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Michael Jackson’s image and likeness, as well as his interests in two trusts—one trust (NHT II) that held his interest in the Sony/ATV Music Publishing, LLC, and one trust (NHT III) that held Mijac Music—were valued for estate tax purposes.

Image and Likeness

The estate claimed that the decedent’s image and likeness was valued at about $2,000. However, at trial, the estate brought in additional experts and increased the value to about $3 million. This amount was based on a 10-year revenue projection, which examined pre-death revenue, post-death rights, and growth and decline rates using pre-death marketability and a potential post-death boom. An estimate of expenses incurred in administering the image and likeness and expenses related to rehabilitation of the decedent’s image reduced the revenue stream. As a result, the Tax Court determined that the date-of-death value of the decedent’s image was $4.1 million.

Interest in Sony/ATV

In the years prior to his death, the decedent had borrowed against his interest in the Sony/ATV company. The company was valued using the discounted cash flow method. After finding the value of the company as a whole, a discount for lack of control was applied to one-half of that amount to reflect the decedent’s 50-percent interest. Because of the debt secured by the interest, however, the Tax Court determined that the date-of-death value of NHT II was zero.

Interest in Mijac Music

The major asset of NHT III was Mijac Music, which owned compositions from many artists, including the decedent. The decedent also assigned the income he earned from his writer’s share of certain performance revenue to NHT III. The discounted cashflow analysis was used again and the court determined the revenue streams of Mijac Music and the writer’s share of revenue. After subtracting the trust’s liabilities from the revenue, the Tax Court determined the value of NHT III was $107 million.

No Penalties

Although the values differed widely, the estate was not liable for accuracy-related penalties. Its reliance on the appraisal values was reasonable.

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With the U.S. and world financial markets in turmoil, many individual investors may be watching the value of their stock seesaw, or have seen it plummet in value. If the value of your shares are trading at very low prices, or have no value at all, you may be wondering if you can claim a worthless securities deduction for the stock on your 2008 tax return.

Capital or ordinary loss treatment

When stock you own in a corporation becomes totally worthless during the tax year, you may be able to report a loss in the stock equal to its tax basis. Generally, a worthless stock loss is characterized as a capital loss because securities like stock that become worthless are usually treated as capital assets. When a security that is not a capital asset becomes wholly worthless, the loss is deductible as an ordinary loss. For example, if worthless stock is Code Sec. 1244 stock, ordinary loss treatment applies. Worthless stock is treated as if it was sold on the last day of the tax year.

Note. You may only deduct a loss on worthless securities if the loss is incurred in a trade or business, in a transaction entered into for profit, or as the result of a fire, storm, shipwreck, another casualty, or theft. It is generally assumed that an individual acquires securities for profit (although this assumption may be refuted).

Your stock is trading at $1.08 a share: Is it "worthlessness?"

A worthless stock deduction may only be taken when your securities have become totally worthless. You can not take the deduction for stock that has become only partially worthless. The Internal Revenue Code, however, does not define "worthlessness." Nonetheless, in the IRS's eyes, a company's stock is not going to be automatically considered worthless simply because the stock or security has plummeted in value and is now trading at mere dollars and cents.

With the current market turmoil, many stocks have taken big hits and dropped significantly in value, perhaps even trading for a $1.08 per share, but are nonetheless still alive and trading on an exchange. Therefore, you can not take a worthless stock deduction for a mere decline in value of stock caused by a fluctuation in market price or other similar cause, no matter how steep the decline, if your stock has any recognizable value on the date you claim as the date of loss. Even if a company in which you have stock files for bankruptcy, or lawsuits are filed against it, does not automatically qualify the stock or securities as worthlessness.

More hurdles to overcome

Even if you can establish that the stock you own has become totally worthless, the loss must be (1) evidenced by a closed and completed transaction, (2) fixed by identifiable events and (3) actually sustained during the tax year. First, you may only claim the deduction on your return for the tax year in which the stock has become completely worthless, and you must be able to show that the year in which you are claiming the loss is the appropriate tax year.

Generally, a worthless stock loss deduction can be taken in the year in which you abandon the stock. To abandon a security, you must permanently surrender and relinquish all rights in the security and receive no consideration in exchange for the security. But, whether the transaction qualifies as abandonment, and not an actual sale or exchange, is a facts and circumstances test.

If you would like to know whether the stock or other securities you own have become worthless, please contact our office. We can help you navigate these complex rules.

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Move over hybrids - buyers of Volkswagen and Mercedes diesel vehicles now qualify for the valuable alternative motor vehicle tax credit. Previously, the credit had gone only to hybrid vehicles. Now, the IRS has qualified certain VW and Mercedes diesels as "clean" as a hybrid.

Qualifying vehicles

The IRS has designated the following diesel-powered vehicles as advanced lean-burning technology motor vehicles that qualify for the alternative motor vehicle tax credit:

The 2009 VW Jetta TDI sedan and TDI sportwagen models; and
The 2009 Mercedes-Benz GL320, R320 and ML320 Bluetec models.

The credit amounts vary depending on the vehicle's fuel economy. The credit amounts for each vehicle are as follows:

2009 VW Jetta TDI sedan and TDI sportwagen: $1,300 credit;
2009 Mercedes ML320 Bluetec: $900;
2009 Mercedes R320 Bluetec: $1,550; and
2009 GL320 Bluetec: $1,800.

VW's diesels went on sale in August, while the Mercedes Bluetec models are expected to go on sale beginning this October.

The alternative motor vehicle tax credit, generally

The alternative motor vehicle tax credit is a lucrative tax credit for purchasers of qualifying automobiles. But, just as the situation is with hybrids, the full amount of the credit for each vehicle is available only during a limited period. The dollar value of the tax credit will begin to be reduced once the manufacturer sells 60,000 vehicles that qualify for the tax credit. Additionally, the credit is available only to the original purchaser of a new, qualifying vehicle. As such individuals who lease the vehicle are not eligible for the credit - the credit is allowed only to the vehicle's owner, such as the leasing company.

Taxpayers may claim the full amount of the allowable credit up to the end of the first calendar quarter after the quarter in which the manufacturer records its sale of the 60,000th advance lean burn technology motor vehicle or hybrid passenger automobile or light truck. For the second and third calendar quarters after the quarter in which the 60,000th vehicle is sold, taxpayers may claim 50 percent of the credit. For the fourth and fifth calendar quarters, taxpayers may claim 25 percent of the credit. No credit is allowed after the fifth quarter.

The credit - as Congress has allotted so far - may only be taken for qualified vehicles purchased before the end of 2010.

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To ease the pain of the ever-escalating costs of healthcare, many employers provide certain tax-driven health benefits and plans to their employees. To help employers understand the differences and similarities among three popular medical savings vehicles - health savings accounts (HSAs), flexible spending accounts (FSAs) and health reimbursement arrangements (HRAs) - here's an overview.

Health Savings Accounts (HSAs)

HSAs are relatively new. An HSA is a tax-exempt trust or custodial account that is established exclusively to pay for (or reimburse) the qualified medical expenses of the account holder (typically an employee), a spouse or dependents such as children. Individuals get to take an above-the-line deduction for HSA contributions, while employer contributions to an employee's HSA are neither included in the employee's gross income nor subject to employment taxes. HSA earnings grow tax-free and distributions to pay for qualified medical expenses are also tax-free.

For 2008, a deduction may be taken up to $2,900 by individuals with self-only coverage and $5,800 by individuals with family coverage. And, individuals age 55 or older may make additional "catch-up" contributions to an HSA.

HSA contributions in an account carry over from year to year until the employee uses them. HSAs are also portable, meaning that an employee can take their funds when they leave or change jobs.

To be eligible for an HSA, an individual must generally:

Have a high deductible health plan (HDHP);
Have no other health coverage except for certain types of permitted coverage (for example, coverage for accidents, disability, dental and vision care, and long-term care);
Not be enrolled in Medicare; and
Not be able to be claimed as a dependent on another person's tax return.

HDHPs feature higher annual deductibles than other traditional health plans. For 2008, the minimum HDHP deductible is $1,100 for self-only coverage, and $2,200 for family coverage. HSA annual contributions, however, are not limited to the annual deductible under an HDHP.

Flexible Spending Arrangements (FSAs)

An FSA is an employer-provided benefit program that reimburses employees for specified expenses as they are incurred. Employees must first incur and substantiate the expense before it is reimbursed by the employer. FSAs are also known as "cafeteria plans" or "Section 125 plans" because they are allowed under Code Sec. 125 of the Internal Revenue Code. An FSA allows employees to contribute before-tax dollars to the account to be used to reimburse health care costs. Employers can also contribute to an employee's FSA. Generally, distributions may only be made to reimburse an employee for qualified medical expenses. They generally cannot be carried forward from year to year; specific "use-it-or-lose-it" rules apply.

Funds set aside in an FSA, typically through a voluntary salary reduction agreement, are not included in an employee's gross income or subject to employment taxes (with an exception for employer contributions used to pay for long-term care insurance). Withdrawals from an FSA are tax-free if used for qualified medical expenses. Employees can also withdraw funds from their account to pay for qualified medical expenses even if they have not yet placed the funds in the FSA.

Health Reimbursement Arrangements (HRAs)

An HRA is a type of FSA in which an employer sets aside funds to reimburse employees for qualified medical expenses up to a maximum dollar amount. Employer HRA contributions are not included in employees' gross income or subject to employment taxes. Additionally, employers get to deduct amounts contributed to employees' HRAs. HRAs can only be established and funded by an employer, and can be offered together with other employer-provided health benefits. Self-employed individuals are not eligible for HRAs.

Generally, there is no limit on the amount an employer can contribute to an employee's HRA, and any unused amounts in an HRA can be carried forward to later years. HRAs, however, are not portable and therefore do not follow employees if they change employment.

Distributions from HRAs can only be used to pay for qualified medical expenses that an employee has incurred on or after the date he or she enrolled in the HRA. If a distribution is made to pay for non-qualified medical expenses, those amounts are included in the employee's gross income. Moreover, distributions made to someone other than the employee, their spouse or dependents are taxable income.

If you need further analysis of which of these health-benefit plans may be right for you, and your employees if applicable, please call us.

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